'Political philosophy Essay\r'

'Philosophy is the hire of general and fundamental problems, such(prenominal) as those committed with reality, creation, be intimateledge, values, reason, thinker, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from opposite ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally dustatic begin and its belief on rational argument. In more daily speech, by extension, â€Å"doctrine” locoweed refer to â€Å"the approximately basic beliefs, concepts, and attitudes of an individual or group” The devise â€Å" philosophic system” comes from the Ancient Greek ????????? (philosophia), which literally elbow room â€Å" bop of wisdom”.\r\n[5][6][7] The doorway of the terms â€Å"philosopher” and â€Å" indoctrinate of prospect” has been ascribed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras. Philosophy, which literally means â€Å"the love of wisdom,” is wiz of the oldest disciplines in history. There be more reports roughly philosophers and what they do.\r\nSome shake even considered the theatre to be a science that deals with logic and reason. all way, globey famous philosophers concord made their contributions cognise to the ground through their publications and their students. Below is a be given of the greatest thinkers of all time on with their some important theories about hu part constitution and separate(a) ponderings of the world. Philosophy, which literally means â€Å"the love of wisdom,” is single of the oldest disciplines in history.\r\nThere are humanityy ideas about philosophers and what they do. Some surrender even considered the line of business to be a science that deals with logic and reason. Either way, many famous philosophers have made their contributions know to the world through their writings and their students. Below is a list of the greatest thinkers of all time along with their virtually important theories about human nature and other ponderings of the world. K arl Marx (1818-1883) historied For:\r\nThe Communist Manifesto, co-founder and tyro of Socialism & adenineere; Communism Karl Marx is make better known as the â€Å" spawn of companionableism and communism,” star follows the other. Marx has been label as a â€Å"revolutionary socialist” for his belief in what has been called totalism of Voltaire (1694-1778) historied For: his philosophic wit French philosopher Francois-Marie Arouet was a well(p) known during the 18th century. He is better known under his pseudonym, Voltaire. Voltaire was an encourage of some of the almost basic freedoms, he believed in the freedom of have a bun in the ovenion, devotion and voiced this through his witty writing. One of his the proletariat.\r\nIn addition to espousing his own philosophies , he was too a sociologist, economist, journalist, and historian. favorite targets was the Catholic church. Socrates (c. 469-399 BC) storied For: the Socratic manner of logic and a fo under of Western ism His story began in his hometown of Athens, Greece but unfolded through the writings of his students and fellow philosophers. The field of ethical motive was the specialty of Socrates and introduced a concept that has been dubbed as elenchus, or the Socratic method. He contributed much to the field of logic and epistimology. Plato (c. 428-348 BC).\r\n storied For: Platonic idealism & angstrom unit; the possibleness of forms Athenian native Australian Plato, and his role in westbound school of thought can be traced back to when he was student of Socrates . He to a fault excelled in mathematics, logic, ethics, rhetoric, and morality. He founded the Academy in Athens . John Locke (1632-1704) renowned For: theory of thought & axerophthol; Father of Classical Liberalism The effect of position philosopher John Locke has on the world reverberates to this day. His soften on the idea of the social contract theory was ace he shared with Sir Francis Bacon. The likes of Rousseau, Voltaire, even American revolutionaries have been\r\n operated by his writings. He overly offered the theory of mind wherein he states that knowledge is something you are not born(p) with, but learn and familiarity. Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986) renowned For: existential womens liberation movement & group A; ethics of ambiguity Simone de Beauvoir is viewed as a philosopher, but she saw herself more as a semipolitical activist, intellectual, and a writer. She authored numerous newss which allow in The bite Sex, The Mandarins, and She Came to Stay. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712- 1778) Adam Smith (1723-1790)\r\n illustrious For: father of modernistic economics celebrated For: General Will and the goodly simplicity of humanity The political philosophy of Rousseau became the radix of the French Revolution. His ideas not only influenced nations, his scarper is reflected in the modern opinion in regards to education, political, and sociological matters. 2 of his books, Discourse on the Origin of Inequality and On the Social Contract have had its effect on social and political cerebration. Best remembered for his writing of An query into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations and The Theory of Moral Sentiments, sparing philosopher Adam Smith was a pioneer in the field of political economy.\r\nHis ideas in the areas of moral philosophy and economics have been studied end-to-end the years, and salve is. Aristotle (384â€322 BC) historied For: Aristotelian logic & adenylic acid; theory of soul The third member who has greatly influenced western philosophy, Aristotle provided ideas in the areas of aesthetics, ethics, logic, metaphysics, politics, and science. He was a student of Plato and teacher to Alexander the great. Nicomachean Ethics is one of the treatises that Aristotle wrote. He believed that ethics should be applied practically, not merely theorizing it.\r\nFrancis Bacon (1561-1626) Famous For: the â€Å"Baconianà ¢â‚¬Â method of scientific investigation and creator of charlatanism The English Renaissance and Scientific Revolution benefitted from the land and ideas of Sir Francis Bacon. In addition to creation a philosopher, Bacon was alike an author, jurist, statesman, orator, and scientist. He was implemental in advocating the use of the â€Å" inductive” method when it came to scientific matters, this scientific method was as well as called â€Å"Baconian method”.\r\nGottfried Leibniz (1646-1716) Famous For: constabulary of Continuity, Monads, and the Transcendental Law of Homogeneity Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz holds a special place in the annals of philosophy and mathematics.\r\nAs a mathematician, he refined the use of infinitesimal calculus. As a philosopher, he is best remembered for his â€Å"optimism” and as an advocate of freepersuasion along with Descartes and Spinoza. He also innovateed the Law of Continuity. Confucius (551-479 BC) Famous For: The Golden Rule and Confucianism Born during the Spring & Autumn era in Chinese history, Confucius and his ideas on social and personal relationships became a naturalise of thought that many Chinese embraced. He was a ravenous writer for which includes the Five Classics in Chinese literature. He believed that proper moral behavior is best practiced, than righteousness organism made a rule. Rene Descartes (1596-1650).\r\nFamous For: being the Father of Modern Philosophy, â€Å"Cartesian” coordinate system & â€Å"I think, therefore I am” Rene’ Descartes influence on the world of philosophy is unambiguous at today’s universities. His book Meditations of firstly Philosophy is still being used. Perhaps this financial pedagogy attributed to Descartes will ring a bell, â€Å"I think, therefore I am. ” Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Famous For: transcendental idealism & metaphysics This 18th century German philosopher, Immanuel Kant, contends that â€Å"reason is the persona of morality. ” His ideas continue to resonate in the halls of academic philosophy.\r\nThe influence of these ideas is evident in present day thinking on the subject of ethics, epistemology, aesthetics, politics, and metaphysics. In his publication of followup of Pure movement, this was his attempt to combine reason with experience to prove failures of â€Å"traditional philosophy. ” Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) Famous For: life-affirmation & statement â€Å"God is dead” German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche and his ideas coered a lot ground and as a result, mountain began to raise questions they normally would not. The important crux of Nietzsche’s engagement was the idea of life-affirmation, but he also presented ideas such as Will to power, perspectivism, master-slave morality, and the Apollonian/Dionysian dichotomy.\r\nAlbert Camus (1913-1960) Famous For: absurdism & 1957 Nobel Prize for literature Al bert Camus received a Nobel Prize for literature in 1957. The award was given in recognition for his attempt to create sentience of the plight of â€Å"the human conscience”. Camus is associated with the tenet known as â€Å"absurdism. ” This French-Algeria born philosopher was also an author and journalist. C. S. Lewis (1898-1963).\r\nFamous For: The Chronicles of Narnia, â€Å"Screwtape Letters” & â€Å"Mere Christianity” C. S. Lewis was an academic bookman and Christian apologist. Some of his works are well known, these include,The Chronicles of Narnia, The Screwtape Hannah Arendt (1906-1975) Famous For: being a political theorizer & concept of â€Å"Homo faber” Hannah Arendt refused to be labeled as a philosopher on the basis that her work go around around â€Å"men, not man. ” Philosophy deals with man in the singular, Letters and The Problem of Pain. He and J. R. R. Tolkien were friends and part of the English department at Oxford. solo, which is different to what she was, a political theorist, dealing with men and the world around them.\r\nHanna’s passion involved work in the fields of authority, democracy, the nature of power, politics, and totalitarianism. doubting doubting Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) Famous For: absolutism for the soveriegn & political philosophy Thomas Hobbes is dubbed as the founder of the â€Å"social contract” tradition. This English philosopher wrote in the mid 17th century, Leviathan, which laid the groundwork for the introduction of the social contract theory. He also was an advocate of continuous tense thought and â€Å"absolutism for the sovereign. ”\r\nBertrand Russell (1872-1970) Famous For: being one of the founders of analytical philosophy Bertrand Arthur William Russell is remembered in the field of philosophy as a proponent of analytic philosophy. One of his searchs has been labeled as the ideal of philosophy, the essay is entitled On Denoti ng. The British wanted to go against idealism, Russell was their leader. Jean-capital of Minnesota Sartre (1905-1980) Famous For: the philosophy of existential philosophy Jean Paul Sartre believed that â€Å"existence precedes essence. ”\r\nSartre did not shy from being conjugated to the ideal of existentialism. He applied his ideals on other areas of his life. Blaise papa (1623-1662) Famous For: Pascal’s merelyice in mathematics & Pascal’s wager in philosophy The name of Blaise Pascal is frequently associated with mathematics. As a philosopher, he proposed what we know as Pascal’s wager, in which passel, in general, will bet their life on the existence or non existence of God.\r\nMichel Foucault (1926-1984) Famous For: Structuralism and genealogy What does it take to make another man do your bidding? This was the goal of Michel Foucault. Most of his theories touched on the topic of the â€Å"nature of power” and its purpose. His writings revolved around the social institutions and â€Å"human science”. Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965) Famous For: the idea of the Reverence for Life Albert Schweitzer was a man with many facets.\r\nHis goal and philosophy of life was to have a â€Å"Reverence for Life”. He believed that nuance had cast aside its foundation in ethics. His publish works, The Birth of the Clinic and The Order of Things helped highlight his views on â€Å"structuralism. ” David Hume (1711-1776) Famous For: problem of causation & his book A Treatise of Human Nature One of the pillars of the Scottish Enlightenment, philosopher David Hume is attribute with the â€Å"founding document of cognitive science” in his book A Treatise of Human Nature. Hume made each attempt to establish a naturalistic approach in understanding â€Å"man”. One of his arguments,\r\nâ€Å"Reason is, and ought only to be slave of the passions,” is a long idea that says, â€Å"allow desir es to dictate reason. ” Origen (c. 185-253) Famous For: one of the early church Fathers and theologian Origen has been cited by scholars over the centuries, by academics, pastors, priests, and students. He wrote several treatises that covered philosophical theology, exegesis of the bible and textual criticism. He was influenced in his thinking by both Plato and Aristotle. In his discussions and writings, he endlessly alluded to scripture, which he believed is divinely inspired by God. Thomas Paine (1737-1809).\r\nFamous For: writing Common Sense during the American Revolution As a political activist, Thomas Paine is regarded who helped two revolutionary wars. A pamphlet he wrote in 1776, entitled Common Sense was instrumental in igniting the fires of freedom and a reason to anarchy during the American Revolution. Years later, he wrote Rights of Man that confirm the French Revolution. Henry David Thoreau (1817- 1862) Famous For: his books Walden & courteous Disobedienc e The book Walden was Thoreau’s attempt to express a desire towards living a candid life in nature. Because of another book he wrote, Civil Disobedience, he had\r\nbeen viewed as an anarchist. Thoreau’s idea of giving up illusory ideals in substitute for the true needs of life was something he advocated throughout his life. John Dewey (1859-1952) Famous For: for his ideas on pragmatism & educational progressivism One of the first men to present the idea of John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) Famous For: being the â€Å"most powerful English speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century” John Stuart is regarded as â€Å"the most influential pragmatism as a philosophical concept, Dewey also espoused Reflective Thinking.\r\nHe believed in the philosophy of education, in which he views education as a â€Å"social continuity of life. ” This is why he championed Educational Progressivism. English speaking philosopher of the 19th century”. Mainly, he was a defender of political philosophy and he comes from the direct of utilitarianism. As a member of the British parliament, he played a role highlighting â€Å"liberal political philosophy. ” William James (1842-1910) Famous For: the philosophy of religion and theory of emotion William James was part of the philosophical school of pragmatism. More importantly was his application of that school of thought on the philosophy of religion.\r\nHe also attempted to explicate why, if we unwrap a snake, we hero-worship the snake and run. In his theory of emotion, James contends that we see a snake, we run; therefore, we fear the snake. Erich Fromm (1900-1980) Famous For: druthers of character As a humanistic philosopher, Erich Fromm has been linked to the school of critical theory. Some of his exemplary ideas include â€Å"being and having modes of existence. ” Escape from Freedom is one of Fromm’s books which tries to explaing man’s changing view of freedom. Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527).\r\nFamous For: Machiavellianism & The Prince Italian Renaissance philosopher Niccolo Machiavelli is considered the founder of political science and an expert in political ethics. His main cointributions include political philosophy and realism. His book, The Prince has been viewed as a masterpiece that deals with political philosophy. John Calvin (1509-1564) Famous For: Calvinism & Doctine of Predestination Calvin developed a point of reference in Christianity the has been known as Calvinism. His attempt to explain the â€Å"doctrine of predestination” as it pertains to God and repurchase continues to be debated to this day.\r\nThe Congregational, Presbyterian, and Reformed church base their tenets on the teaching of John Calvin. Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) Famous For: father of existentialism The philosophy of religion and the idea of existentialism are two schools of thought that has Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910) Famous For: fight and stay and Anna Karenina As a social meliorist and moral thinker, Leo Tolstoy is known for his novels, War and Peace and Anna been linked to Kierkegaard. Most of his ideas revolve on the effect on how a person lives as an individual. Karenina. He helped shape the idea of Christian anarchist thinking and even pushed the idea of anarcho pacifism. Parmenides (c. 515-450 BC) Famous For: Eleatic school of philosophy.\r\nParmenides founded the Eleatic school of philosophy sometime in the 5th century BC. He presents us with two views of reality, â€Å"what is” and â€Å"the way of opinion. ” A quote from him is telling on how he affect western philosophy, â€Å"Thought and being are the alike(p). ” Mozi (c. 470-391 BC) Famous For: Mohism Chinese philosopher Mozi was the moving force in the validation of the school of Mohism. Mozi was a proponent of moral philosophy and ethics. His teaching encouraged self-reflection and being real, not just obedience and ceremony. T homas doubting Thomas (1225-1274) Famous For: Thomism and Summa Theologica.\r\n evening though he was a priest, Thomas Aquinas and his philosophy have influenced modern philosophy. He was the father of Thomism, he believed that the truth is true regardless of the source. His work in Summa Theologica and Summa con Gentiles are important sources of intervention that continue to be used today. Mary Wollstonecraft (1759- 1797) Famous For: Feminist philosophy & A Vinidication of the Rights of fair sex Mary Wollstonecraft believed that women should be treated equally the same way and that the social order should be establish on reason. She is considered as the earliest of feminist philosophers.\r\nHer book A Vinidication of the Rights of Woman speaks of women not being substandard to men. Auguste Comte (1798-1857) Famous For: Altruism & positivism Comte was one of the founders of sociology and the principle of positivism, better known as the autocratic philosophy. Historians v iew him as the first of the scientific philosophers. He also conceived the word altruism, a doctrine that says people have an obligation to help or serving others. Avicenna (c. 980-1037) Famous For: The Book of Healing Persian philosopher Avicenna was a proponent of Islamic philosophy on which the Avicennian philosophy is based.\r\nThe Book of Healing is his most famous work that has become an encyclopedia on philosophy and science. In that book he discusses the philosophy of science. Emma Goldman (1869-1940) Famous For: anarchist political philosophy Goldman comes from the philosophical school of of anarchism. She was a vocal supporter of womens rights and other social issues. The school of anarchism believes a state is harmful, unnecessary, and undesirable, do Goldman, anti-state.\r\nEpicurus (341-270 BC) Famous For: Epicurianism & Materialism Epicurus’s philosophy is centered on two things, â€Å"peace and freedom from fear” known as ataraxia and â€Å"the a bsence of torture”, aponia. In his view, pain and pleasure are barometers of good and evil. This school of thought is known as Epicurianism. perfection Augustine of Hippo (354- 430) Famous For: Catholic Church & City of God The idea of the â€Å"Catholic Church” comes from the work of Saint Augustine. His writings, City of God and Confessions have influenced western philosophy and are still establish today.\r\nHe believed that man is the unity of soul and body, a perfect combination. Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889- 1951) Famous For: Philosophical Investigations & fideism Wittgenstein was a man who buried himself in the roots content â€Å"the love of wisdom. ” Philosophers are persons who have a induce need to pursue wisdom. Since the beginning of time, wise man and women have dedicated themselves to asking â€Å"Big Questions”.\r\n'